Compared to land-based training, heart rate responses during deep-water exercise are generally:

Deep-water exercise typically involves a unique environment where buoyancy plays a significant role in how the body responds to physical activity. When exercising in water, particularly at greater depths, the weight of the body is partially supported by the water, which can reduce the overall intensity of the workout compared to land-based activities.

As a result, heart rate responses during deep-water exercise are generally lower. The reduced impact and support from the water allow individuals to perform movements with less cardiovascular strain, leading to a slower heart rate compared to similar exercises performed on land. This is due to the fact that the heart does not have to work as hard to maintain blood flow and circulation when the body is buoyant.

Moreover, the cooling effect of water can decrease the physiological demand on the body, further contributing to a lower heart rate. As a result, deep-water exercises often lead to a more controlled and stable cardiovascular response, particularly in comparison to the higher exertion levels and increased heart rates typically seen during land-based training.