How is "program theory" best described in evaluation?

Program theory is best described as a framework that articulates how and why a program is expected to work. This concept is central to program evaluation because it outlines the pathways through which a program is supposed to achieve its intended outcomes. It provides a logical model detailing the inputs, activities, outputs, and anticipated impacts of a program.

This framework helps evaluators and stakeholders understand the underlying assumptions and mechanisms that link the program's activities to its goals. By clarifying these connections, program theory assists in identifying what aspects of the program may need to be enhanced or modified for better effectiveness. Moreover, it facilitates a deeper analysis of program performance and outcomes by providing a basis to compare actual results against expected ones.

The other options, while relevant to evaluation practices, do not encapsulate the essence of program theory. Collecting quantitative data is a methodological approach, formative evaluation focuses on improvement rather than clarifying how a program works, and ensuring cultural competence relates to inclusivity and respect for diverse backgrounds—none of which directly define the framework of program theory.